Physics

Overview

Physics is the study of how and why things work -- from the minute world of the atomic nucleus to the universe itself -- within the context of a few fundamental laws. The goal of the physics curriculum is to acquaint students with basic natural phenomena such as motion, light, heat, electricity and atoms and the quantitative methods of experimentation and theoretical analysis through which we come to understand them. It provides an excellent preparation for students planning a technical career in physics, engineering, astronomy or newly emerging interdisciplinary programs (biophysics, geophysics, materials science, chemical physics, etc.). In addition, physics supports the background training of biologists, chemists, and the concentrations of Environmental Studies or Computer Science. The unique feature of a liberal arts physics program is to produce technically literate scientists who have a broad understanding of the world and can communicate well.

General Education Credit

Physics courses which fulfill the General Education requirements are listed in the Class and Lab Schedule.

Distribution Credit

All courses satisfy the Area D distribution requirement, though courses without the "L" designation do not satisfy the lab component.

Students planning to take a single physics course should consider 110, 112L, 120L, 122L,123, 252L, or 254L. These courses require proficienc y in algebra and geometry; prior experience with trigonometry is desirable.

The two-semester sequence, 124L, 125L, makes use of calculus and is appropriate for students needing physics to support work in another major (especially biology or chemistry).

Requirements for the Major

Prospective physics majors should enroll in 126L and a calculus course in the fall semester of their first year, although advanced placement may be given after consultation with the department Chair. Requirements for the physics major include courses 126L, 127L, 228 and 229L, 244 and 245L, 374 and 384L, 375 and 385L, 376 and 386L, one physics elective numbered above 120, and a passing grade on the physics comprehensive examination taken in the spring of the junior year. In some cases it is possible to use the 124-5L sequence to transfer into the major -- see the Chair. Calculus, linear algebra, multivariable calculus, and differential equations are prerequisites for some of the required courses.

Physics Education

To obtain certification as a teacher of physical science, a physics major must take the appropriate education courses and some additional science courses. The Education Department Chair should be consulted for details of the available options. The requirement for a physics elective is waived, although 232L is strongly recommended.

Computer Science Concentration

The Computer Science Concentration (consult Index) can be designed to emphasize computer hardware by inclusion of physics courses 232L, 246L, the Interim on Computer Interfacing (offered either as a course or through independent study), and independent study in Electronics.

Physics and Engineering

Students interested in the engineering profession may choose from two primary options. A cooperative five-year program with Washington University (see Index) provides a BA degree from St. Olaf and a BS in Engineering from the University. Many students prefer instead to complete a St. Olaf degree and then enter a master's degree program at an engineering school of their choice. Such a route typically takes 1.5-2 years beyond the BA.

Students contemplating either of these options should consider taking the Intensive Interim course in engineering offered at Washington University. See program adviser Roger Proksch for details.

Special Programs

Each summer, ten to fifteen research positions are generally available on campus for students interested in working with faculty on current research projects. These projects are supported by outside funding agencies and provide a stipend for student participants. Current funded areas of faculty interest include: Atomic Spectroscopy (Nitz), Geophysics, Ice and Climate Interactions (Jacobel), Molecular Beam Spectroscopy (Cederberg, Olson), and Scanning Probe Microscopy (Proksch).

Students also may register during the year for 398 (Independent Research) or go off-campus to the Oak Ridge Science Semester Program (see Index). International Studies programs which can include course work in physics are the British University programs at Lancaster and the University of East Anglia.

Recommendations for Graduate Study

Students planning to apply for graduate study in physics are advised to take Physics 379 and to consider additional physics electives, complex analysis, abstract algebra, probability, statistics, numerical analysis, real analysis. A physics major is especially suited as preparation for graduate study in electrical engineering with the inclusion of Physics 232L, 246L, and independent study in electronics or computer interfacing.

Courses

110 Light (1)

An exploration of the nature of light from Newton's particle model through 19th century wave hypotheses and back to Einstein's photon, culminating in an examination of wave/particle duality and relativity. Students gain a basic understanding of what light is and how various models explain topics as diverse as rainbows, dental x-rays, and the whiteness of snow. Prerequisite: proficiency in algebra. Offered only in the Interim.

112 Planetary, Stellar and Galactic Astronomy (1)

A basic introduction to astronomy, concentrating on "How do we know what we know?". Students explore questions such as "How do we measure the distance to a star?" and "How do we know the universe is expanding?". In addition to studying the solar system, stars,black holes,galaxies, and the history of the universe, students build their own (very basicj) telescopes, engage in rooftop viewing using the department's telescopes, and make extensive use of astronomical resources on the World Wide Web. Prerequisite: proficiency in algebra and geometry.

120 The Physics of Photography (1)

What's happening as you focus a camera? In what ways will a photograph change if you use a 35 mm lens rather than a 50 mm lens? This course explores the physics of photography -- light, lenses, light-sensitive materials, and their combined impact on the photographic image. Students investigate quantitative applications of physics principles through a series of lab experiments and photographic projects. Students provide a 35 mm camera (NOT fully automatic) for use in the course and purchase personal darkroom supplies. Prerequisites: proficiency in algebra and geometry. No previous knowledge of photography is assumed. Students also taking Art 115 may not acquire General Education credit for both courses. Offered only in the Interim.

122 The Physics of Audio Systems (1)

An introduction to the physical principles involved in the recording, transmission, and reproduction of sound. We will study such devices as microphones, magnetic tape, CD, phonograph, FM and AM transmitters and receivers, amplifiers, and speakers, examining them as applications of the acoustic, electromagnetic, and electronic phenomena they utilize. Laboratory experiments look first at simplified phenomena illustrating the basic processes, then move into the examination of actual commercial devices. Prerequisite: Calculus I or Analysis I. Offered only in the Interim.

123 Geophysics: Perspectives on the Dynamic Earth (1)

Geophysics applies basic concepts of physics to answer questions about the earth and its relationship to other bodies in the solar system. This course considers a variety of topics in earth and environmental science. Beginning with the origin of the earth and planetary system, the course examines crustal evolution and plate tectonics, geologic resources and hazards, and the relationship of these surface phenomena to processes occurring in the earth's interior. It concludes with a study of the oceans, the atmosphere, the earth's climate system, and environmental change. Prerequisite: proficiency in algebra and geometry.

124 125L Principles of Physics I, II (1 each)

What are the important attributes of objects in nature and how do we describe their motion and interaction? How do phenomena such as heat, rainbows, radioactivity, computers, and music follow from the answers? This two-semester in-depth course addresses these questions of classical and modern physics at a minimal calculus level. Well-suited for students of Biology or Chemistry, or those desiring a thorough introduction beyond the high-school level.

Physics 124 takes up the Newtonian mechanics of point particles: motion, mass, forces, torques, energy, momentum, and gravitation. Extensions to many-particles include solids, fluids, and heat. Einstein's reexamination of space-time (relativity) is studied as a background for nuclear physics.

Physics 125 explores the character of electric and magnetic forces and fields, then takes up the extended description of matter (vibrations, waves--sound and light). Finally, both particle/wave descriptions are shown to be necessary for discussing quantum mechanics and its application to atomic physics. One laboratory period per week. Prerequisite: Mathematics 120 or 122. Physics 124, or permission of instructor , is a prerequisite for 125.

126 127L, 228 Analytical Physics, I, II, and III (1 each)

In 1664 Isaac Newton, a student at Cambridge University, proposed a theory of motion that simultaneously accounted for the celestial motion of the planets and the motions of ordinary objects on earth. Others in the 19th century added theories of thermodynamics, electricity, magnetism, and light to provide a coherent explanation of most of the phenomena around us, laying the foundation of understanding on which the industrial revolution could be built. Albert Einstein in 1905 showed that an apparent inconsistency in this structure could be eliminated by revisions in the conceptual form of Newton's theory.

This three-semester sequence leads the student through the quarter millennium of discovery to a basis of principles that account for the processes involved in baseballs, car engines, electrical power distribution systems, stereos, and black holes. It assumes concurrent registration in mathematics courses so that the mathematical level can grow with the edifice of theory. It is the starting point for a major in physics and is also appropriate for majors in fields such as chemistry or mathematics who desire more mathematical depth than would be used in the two-semester 124-5 sequence.

Physics 126 includes treatment of mechanics (motion, forces, energy, gravity and rotations); Physics 127 vibrations, waves, fluids, heat and optics; and Physics 228 electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic waves and relativity. Physics 126-7 include a laboratory meeting once a week for 2.5 hours. A separate 0.25 credit lab, 229) accompanies 228. Prerequisites: concurrent registration in Mathematics 120 or 122 with Physics 126L, Mathematics 126 or 128 with Physics 127L, Mathematics 220 or 222, and Physics 129L with Physics 228.

229 Physics Laboratory (0.25)

An integrated program of laboratory exercises to accompany Physics 228. One laboratory period each week.

232 Introduction to Digital Electronics and Microcomputers (1)

A study of digital logic, digital electronics, and their applications in microcomputers. Students learn assembly language programming and the basics of computer interfacing. Weekly laboratory exercises are an integral part of the course. Recommended for students in the natural sciences who expect to use computer instrumentation in their careers. Prerequisite: high school physics and elementary programming experience.

244 Modern Physics (1)

As the 20th century approaches an end, physics looks very different from the way that it did a hundred years ago. Quantum mechanics has changed the conceptual framework and revolutionized our understanding of atoms and molecules, both isolated and in condensed states of matter. The atomic nucleus and elementary particles were discovered, making us aware of previously unknown fundamental forces. This course examines these discoveries and several applications they produced. Prerequisites: Physics 228 and concurrent registration in Physics 245L and Math 230.

245 Modern Physics Laboratory (0.25)

All physical theories originate in interpretations of laboratory experiments. This course, meeting once a week, uses both historical experiments and open-ended investigations with modern instrumentation to examine in detail the important developments covered in Physics 244.

246 Electronic Circuits, Components, and AC Circuit Theory (1)

This introduction to fundamentals of DC and AC circuit theory and the principles of semiconductor electronics includes detailed studies of bipolar and field-effect transistors and operational amplifiers. One laboratory period each week. Prerequisite: Physics 125L or 228.

252 Musical Acoustics (1)

If the sound intensity at a rock concert hits 100dB should you bring ear plugs? Why are some sounds pleasant while others make your hair stand up? How does a CD player work? This course offers an introduction to the physics of sound waves, the biological, physical and psychological origins of sound perception, and the synthesis of sounds and sound production in different instruments. We will explore these topics, as well as sound recording and reproduction systems, through lectures, discussions, laboratory experiments and student presentations. Prerequisite: proficiency in algebra and geometry. No musical experience necessary. Offered only in the Interim.

254 Origins of Nuclear Weapons (1)

On August 6 and 9, 1945, bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki which would forever change the nature of warfare. What were the scientific developments, who were the people, and what was the political, social, military, and psychological environment that produced these terrible devices? Assigned readings, daily discussions, and papers deal with all of these questions. Lectures and demonstrations concentrate primarily on the scientific background. Regular laboratory experiments. Prerequisite: high school algebra. Offered only in the Interim.

294 Internship

298 Independent Study

374 Classical Mechanics (1)

An analytical study of Newtonian mechanics, including the harmonic oscillator, central force motion, non-linear oscillators, chaos, and an introduction to the Lagrangian formulation. Extensive use of computing. Prerequisites: Physics 127, Mathematics 230, and concurrent registration in Physics 384L.

375 Maxwell's Equations (1)

The elegant theory which describes the existence and propagation of electromagnetic waves is one of the cornerstones of classical physics. This course utilizes integral and vector calculus in a thorough and analytic examination of classical electromagnetic theory and the physical laws on which it is based. Topics include electric and magnetic fields, macroscopic interaction of electromagnetism with matter, and the propagation of electromagnetic waves in various media. Concurrent registration for a 0.25-course in Physics 385L required. Prerequisites: Physics 228L, and 229L, Mathematics 226 or 228, and 230.

376 Quantum Mechanics (1)

This course is an analytical investigation of Quantum Theory, in which a particle's behavior is described through a statistically-interpreted wave function rather than through the concepts of Newtonian mechanics. Topics include an examination of the conceptual framework of Quantum Theory, solution of the Schrodinger Equation for systems such as the harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, and approximation methods for treating more complex systems and the interaction of radiation with matter. Prerequisites: Physics 244 and 374, and concurrent registration in Physics 386L.

377 Mathematical Methods of Physics (1)

The methods used to examine a vibrating drumhead are the same ones used to treat microwaves inside your oven or the diffusion of heat through a windowpane. The wave, diffusion and Laplace equations are analyzed through the use of orthogonal expansions, variational methods, and numerical solution (MAPLE). Prerequisites: Mathematics 226 or 228 and 230. Offered only in the Interim.

379 Statistical Physics (1)

How do macroscopic variables (e.g. energy, pressure) develop through the collision or interaction of microscopic objects? Why is the spread of disease in an orchard similar to a piece of iron becoming magnetized ? We will study classical and quantum gases, followed by magnets and phase transitions (Ising Model, percolation, renormalization) and will employ both analytical and computer methods (Monte-Carlo sampling, simulations, molecular dynamics ). Prerequisite: Physics 244.

384 385L, 386L Advanced Physics Laboratory (0.25)

Experiments are selected from the areas of physics covered by Physics 374, 375 and 376 respectively. Emphasis is on the development of good laboratory techniques and the ability to work independently. Each 0.25-course registration will average one afternoon of work each week.

394 Internship

398 Independent Research

399 Senior Seminar (0.25)

A study of various topics of current interest, based upon presentations by staff, participants, and visitors, library research, and assigned readings. Prerequisites: Physics 374, 375, and 376. P/N only.

Interim

The following Interim courses were offered in January 1996:

Physics 122 Physics of Audio Systems
Physics 252 Musical Acoustics
Physics 254
Origins of Nuclear Weapons

Faculty

David Dahl (Chair)
Associate Professor of Physics, 1979-
B.S., Minnesota; M.S., Ph.D., Stanford
Condensed-matter theory

James Cederberg
Professor of Physics, 1964-
A.B., Kansas; A.M., Ph.D., Harvard
Atomic and molecular physics

Robert Jacobel
Paracollege Tutor, 1976-
A.B., California (Berkeley); Ph.D., Iowa State
Geophysics, ice and climate interactions

Amy Kolan
Associate Professor of Physics, 1982-
B.A., Dartmouth; Ph.D., Duke
Mathematical physics, statistical mechanics
Amy Larsen
Assistant Professor of Physics, 1996-
B.S., Arizona; M..S.,Ph.D., Chicago
Condensed-matter, phase transitions

David Nitz
Professor of Physics, 1979-
B.A., St. Olaf; M.A., Ph.D., Rice
Atomic physics
Roger Proksch
Assistant Professor of Physics, 1993-
B.A., Luther; Ph.D., Minnesota
Magnetism, biophysics