1.

A claim made about the cause of a person's behavior is a(n):

A)

attitude.

B)

person schema.

C)

attribution.

D)

consensus.

2.

According to Kelley's model of the logic of attributions, when Sue slaps Bob across the face, you would attribute her behavior to an internal cause if:

A)

everyone dislikes Bob and Sue likes most people.

B)

Sue is nonviolent and lots of women slap Bob.

C)

other people like Bob and Sue has done more than her share of slapping in this life.

D)

Bob quite obviously dislikes Sue and Sue quite obviously likes Bob.

3.

According to Harold Kelley's model of attribution, if Ari feels happy in situation A, and if most other people also feel happy in situation A, in the absence of other information, Ari's happiness should logically be attributed to:

A)

his personality.

B)

extraneous factors (such as chance).

C)

the combination of his personality and situation A.

D)

situation A.

4.

John is having trouble staying awake in his 8:30 a.m. class because he was up all night taking care of his sick roommate. When a classmate notices John closing his eyes in class, she thinks that John must be a really lazy person. The classmate's tendency to ignore the external causes of John's behavior and attribute it to his personality is referred to with the term:

A)

person bias.

B)

just world bias.

C)

situation bias.

D)

blaming the victim.

5.

An actress plays the role of a conniving, manipulative businesswoman on television but is quite different in real life. Nevertheless, people who watch her show and later meet her initially find themselves feeling wary and defensive with her. They have apparently made a(n):

A)

actor-observer discrepancy error.

B)

social identity error.

C)

schematic error.

D)

fundamental attribution error.

6.

You go out to eat and see a waiter spill soup on a customer's lap. You conclude that this happened because someone tripped or bumped into the waiter rather than because the waiter was clumsy or angry. If you regularly make attributions like this one, thinking of excuses or external reasons for people being rude, showing up late, speeding on the freeway and so on, you might be said to have a ______ bias.

A)

person

B)

just world

C)

situation

D)

actor-observer

7.

One reason that the ______ bias occurs more frequently in Western cultures may be that Western thought emphasizes the idea that individuals ______ their own destinies.

A)

situation; cannot control

B)

person; cannot control

C)

situation; control

D)

person; control

8.

The term actor-observer discrepancy refers to the fact that we are more likely to:

A)

make personality attributions about our own behavior than about someone else's.

B)

make personality attributions about others' behavior than about our own.

C)

make situational attributions about others' behavior than about our own.

D)

do both a. and c.

9.

The greater knowledge we have of our own behavioral variability and the tendency to focus visual attention on the person rather than the environment when making an attribution about someone else's behavior help to explain:

A)

the actor-observer discrepancy.

B)

the effect of others' expectations.

C)

cognitive dissonance.

D)

the insufficient justification effect.

10.

A person you regard as manipulative and self-important has just agreed to lead a campus march for the homeless. You interpret this action as an attempt to get personal attention and impress others. Your interpretation most clearly reflects:

A)

a person bias.

B)

an actor-observer discrepancy.

C)

an implicit stereotype.

D)

the biasing effect of a preexisting schema.

11.

Jeremy is very good-looking. When people first meet him, they generally assume that he is intelligent, competent, and sociable because of his appearance, a phenomenon known as:

A)

person bias.

B)

just world bias.

C)

attractiveness bias.

D)

baby-face bias.

12.

Why are physically attractive people often judged more positively than physically unattractive people?

A)

Common experience with attractive and unattractive people provides a relatively accurate basis for predicting more positive attributes in attractive people.

B)

An observer's first impressions of another person often include little more than physical appearance and may unduly affect the way the observer interprets subsequent information about the person.

C)

Because attractive people generally possess greater social skills than unattractive people, they are better able to manipulate observers' impressions of them.

D)

People are motivated to associate themselves with attractive people but not with unattractive people, and they unconsciously justify these tendencies by adjusting their views of the two groups.

13.

Cross-cultural research indicates that baby-faced adults are perceived:

A)

no differently from mature-faced adults, despite popular belief to the contrary.

B)

as more naive, honest, helpless, and kind than mature-faced adults.

C)

as more selfish and manipulative than mature-faced adults.

D)

as younger and more reckless than mature-faced adults.

14.

Research suggests that without conscious prejudice people:

A)

lack knowledge of the prevailing cultural stereotypes.

B)

do not agree with, and are not influenced by, the prevailing cultural stereotypes.

C)

know the prevailing cultural stereotypes and are influenced by them in their automatic reactions to people, but censor such reactions when they become consciously aware of them.

D)

know the prevailing cultural stereotypes and often consciously agree with them, but fail to act on them for fear of social censure.

15.

Palardy demonstrated that the Pygmalion effect occurs in the classroom, which means each student's performance is influenced by:

A)

the performance of other students.

B)

his or her gender.

C)

his or her teacher's expectations of them.

D)

his or her socioeconomic class.

16.

Two teachers use different methods of improving their students' spelling. One puts up posters saying things like "We are Ms. Dolen's awesome spelling class!" and "Ms. Dolen's students know their words!" The other puts up posters saying things like "Be Mr. Brickman's Busy-Bee Spellers!" and "Just Do It--Learn to Spell!" Research suggests that ______ class should perform better on spelling achievement tests later that year because their ______.

A)

Mr. Brickman's; self-concept has been changed

B)

Ms. Dolen's; self-concept has been changed

C)

Mr. Brickman's; motivation was actively built up

D)

Ms. Dolen's; motivation was actively built up

17.

Human beings have often been likened to actors playing different parts at different times to different audiences. The concept that best fits with this view is:

A)

multiple self-concepts.

B)

the actor-observer discrepancy.

C)

the Pygmalion effect.

D)

the looking-glass self.

18.

Suppose that you direct a lot of your attention toward a particular social group and that group becomes an important basis of comparison for your attitudes, characteristics, abilities, and values. The group would now be considered a ______ group for you.

A)

stereotype

B)

comparative

C)

social identity

D)

reference

19.

Pat attends a highly selective university and performs slightly below the university's academic average. Chris, who is just as intelligent and academically capable as Pat, attends a nonselective university where he performs well above the university's academic average. Given only these facts and what you know about the ______ effect, you should expect Chris to have ______ academic self-esteem than Pat.

A)

big-fish-in-little-pond; lower

B)

better-than-average; lower

C)

big-fish-in-little-pond; higher

D)

better-than-average; higher

20.

A college freshman using the self-serving attributional bias would probably explain to his mother that he got an "A" in German because ______ and that he got a "D" in Calculus because ______.

A)

he has a talent for learning languages; he can't derive equations

B)

his German teacher really likes him; his Calculus teacher hates him

C)

he has a talent for learning languages; his Calculus teacher hates him

D)

his German teacher really likes him; he can't derive equations

21.

People tend to attribute their successes to their own qualities and their failures to the situation. This effect is known as the:

A)

better-than-average phenomenon.

B)

actor-observer discrepancy.

C)

fundamental attribution error.

D)

self-serving attributional bias.

22.

Which of the following statements clearly describes a social identity?

A)

"I am honest."

B)

"I don't eat meat."

C)

"I tend to like most people I meet."

D)

"I am a teacher."

23.

Henri Tajfel has argued that the tendency to exaggerate the merits of one's own group at the expense of other groups represents:

A)

greater familiarity with one's own group.

B)

a drive to build one's self-esteem.

C)

the just-world bias.

D)

the application of the fundamental attribution error to a group.

24.

According to Triandis, ______ cultures tend to foster personal freedom and creativity at a cost of insecurity and loneliness, whereas ______ cultures tend to foster a sense of belonging and security at a cost of reduced initiative and freedom.

A)

male-focused; female-focused

B)

female-focused; male-focused

C)

individualist; collectivist

D)

collectivist; individualist

25.

If you have a positive attitude toward exercise, that attitude serves a ______ function to the extent that it guides your exercise-related behavior.

A)

utilitarian

B)

defensive

C)

social-adjustive

D)

value-expressive

26.

Larry is a very good swimmer and seemed excited about trying out for the swim team. When he wasn't chosen to be on the team, his attitude changed. He stopped practicing and said that he wasn't disappointed because he never really enjoyed swimming very much. Which function does Larry's new attitude serve?

A)

value-expressive

B)

social-adjustive

C)

defensive

D)

utilitarian

27.

Schwartz suggests that the "value wheel" is universal because its value types arise from the basic ______ of human beings.

A)

biological needs

B)

social needs and motives

C)

emotional dichotomies

D)

class and political struggles

28.

Newcomb's study of Bennington College students most clearly demonstrates the ______ function of attitudes because ______.

A)

utilitarian; increasing desire for social acceptance correlated with membership in the more prestigious sororities

B)

defensive; social rejection correlated positively with increasingly negative evaluations of the college

C)

value-expressive; liberal values correlated positively with casting ballots for liberal U.S. presidential candidates

D)

social-adjustive; time spent at the college correlated positively with conformity to the prevailing political sentiment there.

29.

People often stay away from situations in which they might discover facts or ideas inconsistent with their current views. This could best be explained as an effort to avoid:

A)

cognitive dissonance.

B)

self-effacement.

C)

value conflict.

D)

multiple selves.

30.

People are most confident of their decisions just ______ they have acted on them, a finding explained by ______.

A)

before; cognitive dissonance theory

B)

before; the theory of planned behavior

C)

after; cognitive dissonance theory

D)

after; the theory of planned behavior

31.

Billy is a straight "A" student. He also happens to be a strong animal rights activist. When he learns that he must dissect a frog in order to pass his biology class, he begins to feel extremely uncomfortable. Billy's uncomfortable mental state, caused by a conflict between his beliefs, is known as:

A)

just-world bias.

B)

rationalization.

C)

insufficient justification.

D)

cognitive dissonance.

32.

Festinger and Carlsmith asked subjects to tell another student (a prospective subject) that a boring task that they had just performed was actually very interesting. Some subjects were paid $1 while others were paid $20 for doing so. Subjects who were paid ______ had more cognitive dissonance and thus found the task more ______.

A)

$20; enjoyable

B)

$20; boring

C)

$1; enjoyable

D)

$1; boring

33.

Suppose you are trying to change someone's attitude to resemble your own by inducing the person to behave in a way that is consistent with your view. You could improve your chances if you were to:

A)

maximize any obvious incentive for the behavior.

B)

minimize the public nature of the behavior.

C)

minimize the person's sense of a free choice.

D)

choose a behavior that would seem to be harmful when viewed from the perspective of the old attitude.

34.

The correlation between attitude and behavior increases when people:

A)

are made to think about their attitude toward an issue shortly before they act on it.

B)

can see themselves in a mirror while their behavior is being tested.

C)

have formed their attitude as a result of direct, repeated experience with the object of the attitude.

D)

do all of the above.

35.

In Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, subjective norm, as applied to a particular situation, refers to the subjects':

A)

actual behavior in the situation.

B)

expressed attitude toward the situation.

C)

beliefs about how others who are important at the time would view their behavior.

D)

confidence (or lack of confidence) in their own ability to behave as they wish in the situation.

36.

While watching television, Philippe sees a breakfast cereal commercial featuring his favorite tennis player. Without really paying close attention to what the athlete says about the cereal, Philippe decides that the cereal must be pretty good. Philippe used ______ to develop his attitude about the cereal.

A)

the central route

B)

a stereotype

C)

better-than-average bias

D)

a heuristic

37.

Consistent with the elaboration-likelihood model of persuasion, research suggests that people are more likely to process a message logically and systematically if the message has:

A)

high personal relevance.

B)

low personal relevance.

C)

strong arguments in its favor.

D)

weak arguments in its favor.

38.

Describe Harold Kelley's analysis of how people would ideally make attributions. Be sure to specify the three kinds of information to be taken into account and give one specific example of an attribution based on such information.

39.

Explain the person bias and situation bias in making attributions. Present research evidence that helps us to predict which bias will prevail in a given instance.

40.

Define the actor-observer discrepancy. Give a theoretical explanation for why it might occur, along with evidence to support that explanation.

41.

What challenge faces researchers attempting to study how stereotypes lead to prejudiced behavior? How have priming studies proved helpful in overcoming this challenge? What have such studies revealed about the way stereotypes influence behavior?

42.

How does the social environment contribute to the construction of a self-concept?

43.

Describe and illustrate three functions of attitudes.

44.

Define cognitive dissonance and illustrate it with an example. How does cognitive dissonance act as a force for attitude consistency and/or change?

45.

Discuss the phenomenon of blaming the victim, both in terms of research findings and in terms of real-world situations. What is the just-world bias and how can it help to explain the phenomenon of blaming the victim?

46.

Certain characteristics must be present in order for a species to be social. Which of the following is the most basic, serving as a foundation for the other two required characteristics?

A)

mutual beneficence

B)

socially binding drives

C)

behavioral coordination

D)

social identity

47.

From an evolutionary standpoint, overt expressions of emotion in members of a social species serve mainly to:

A)

motivate those producing them to behave in ways that are constructive or reparative in relationships.

B)

reduce the physiological intensity of the emotional experience itself, which can become harmful in extreme or chronic form.

C)

help those producing them to better understand themselves and their own needs.

D)

help others in the group discern the psychological state or desires of the emotional person and respond accordingly.

48.

For social interactions to meet the requirements of behavioral coordination and mutual beneficence, each individual must have clues about the intentions and desires of others. The most reliable clues available for humans and other primates are often:

A)

verbal expressions.

B)

nonverbal expressions.

C)

the emotional expressions that are most subtle, whether verbal or nonverbal.

D)

the emotional expressions that most immediately follow the precipitating stimulus.

49.

Laughter often puts a group of people into a shared mood of playfulness, which seems to:

A)

promote the creation of "high culture," such as art, literature, and law.

B)

aid in the recruitment of allies to a common cause.

C)

trigger the mechanism of empathy so that people will help one another.

D)

reduce the chance that one person will be offended by the remarks or actions of another.

50.

Functionally speaking, we could explain the self-conscious emotion of guilt by saying that we feel this emotion in order to:

A)

punish ourselves for hurting someone else.

B)

reduce the chances that we will feel pride, which is generally a growth-inhibiting--if not destructive--emotion.

C)

directly signal to others that we are sensitive, trustworthy individuals despite our own negative actions.

D)

motivate ourselves to repair relationships with valued individuals whom we have hurt by our actions.

51.

A woman at a crowded bar is suddenly in the spotlight as the emcee asks her to get up on stage and sing with him. Given what you know about self-conscious emotions, which of the following responses would tend to increase her likability in the opinion of the other patrons?

A)

She appears embarrassed but goes ahead and sings.

B)

She gets right up on stage and sings without hesitation.

C)

She calmly and politely refuses.

D)

She eagerly accepts and sings badly but confidently.

52.

______ and ______ are opposing emotional responses to our own self-perceived characteristics or performance; the former increases and the latter decreases self-esteem.

A)

Happiness; guilt

B)

Happiness; embarrassment

C)

Pride; shame

D)

Pride; guilt

53.

According to the sociometer theory of self-esteem, the ultimate evolutionary purpose of this capacity is to:

A)

gauge the degree to which we are likely to be accepted or rejected by others.

B)

motivate us to act in ways that will promote our continued acceptance by others.

C)

advertise our self-confidence, thereby inviting others to feel confident in us as well.

D)

focus our attention on our own beauty and successes, thereby reducing our sense of dependence on others.

54.

Kurt Lewin's field theory of human behavior likened ______ to ______.

A)

social organizations; electromagnetic fields

B)

social influence; athletic contests

C)

social pressures; physical forces

D)

external social pressures; internal emotional pressures

55.

Bibb Latane's social impact theory is a modern elaboration of the concept of:

A)

social facilitation.

B)

social pressure.

C)

cognitive dissonance.

D)

reactance.

56.

According to social impact theory, hearing a friend's advice in person rather than over the phone should produce ______ social impact, because ______.

A)

less; the impact is dissipated among all the target's senses.

B)

more; the source is reaching all the target's senses at once.

C)

the same; the strength of the source is unchanged.

D)

more; the source is more immediate.

57.

After playing the clarinet for only a few weeks, Shelly learns to play a simple song fairly well during practice. Unfortunately, she finds that she cannot play it in front of her family without making one mistake after another. It might help Shelly to feel better if she knew this was probably a function of:

A)

impression management.

B)

cognitive dissonance.

C)

social interference.

D)

informational influence.

58.

Robert Zajonc theorized that social facilitation occurs with ______ responses and social interference occurs with ______ responses when others are present during the performance.

A)

dominant; nondominant

B)

nondominant; dominant

C)

socially oriented; cognitively oriented

D)

cognitively oriented; socially oriented

59.

Support for Zajonc's theory of social facilitation and interference comes from evidence that:

A)

social interference usually occurs for well-learned tasks.

B)

either facilitation or interference can occur, depending on the performer's skill level.

C)

social facilitation occurs when the perception of others matches the performer's view of reality.

D)

perception of others can be affected by both automatic and controlled processes.

60.

Sandra pays close attention to the impression she feels she is making on others and often adjusts what she says or how she acts in order to fit in with different groups of people. Sandra would be considered by social psychologists to be a:

A)

conformist.

B)

nonconformist.

C)

low self-monitor.

D)

high self-monitor.

61.

Research on conformity suggests that the major contributing influence is:

A)

informational.

B)

normative.

C)

informational when the task is easy or ambiguous and normative when the task is difficult.

D)

normative when the task is easy and informational when the task is difficult or ambiguous.

62.

In a study of conformity, Asch found that if a single confederate disagreed with the others, subjects were:

A)

just as likely to conform as when the confederates were unanimous.

B)

less likely to conform than when the confederates were unanimous, but only if the dissenting answer was correct.

C)

less likely to conform than when the confederates were unanimous, even if the dissenting answer was wrong.

D)

more likely to conform than when the confederates were unanimous.

63.

In an apparent emergency involving many bystanders, diffusion of responsibility will tend to cause:

A)

the bystanders to spread various specific helping tasks among themselves.

B)

each bystander to feel less responsible to help than if he or she were alone with the victim.

C)

the bystanders' initially strong sense of responsibility to diminish as time goes by.

D)

bystanders to feel the victim is probably responsible for the emergency and therefore less deserving of help.

64.

Bystanders who know one another well are more likely to take action in an emergency than those who are strangers. This suggests that the unresponsiveness of multiple bystanders found in many studies is due at least partly to:

A)

impression management.

B)

accretion of social impact.

C)

low self-monitoring.

D)

groupthink.

65.

Larissa was opposed to animal cruelty and decided to attend an animal rights rally. After the rally, Larissa experienced intensification in her views. Specifically, she became a vegetarian and decided to stop using products tested on animals. Her shift in opinion could be explained by:

A)

popular opinion.

B)

social facilitation.

C)

groupthink.

D)

group polarization.

66.

Research on the effects of group discussion on people's attitudes has consistently shown that when people discuss an issue with others who agree with them, most will develop:

A)

less extreme views in the same direction as their initial inclination.

B)

more extreme views in the same direction as their initial inclination.

C)

less extreme views in the opposite direction of their initial inclination.

D)

more extreme views in the opposite direction of their initial inclination.

67.

According to the informational influence explanation of group polarization, each person:

A)

perceives the group's position to be more extreme than it objectively is, and as a result shifts his or her opinion to match that of the group.

B)

hears a disproportionate number of arguments that support his or her initial position and so is pushed farther in that direction.

C)

perceives his or her position to be less extreme than that of the other group members, and as a result of self-perception processes comes to adopt a more extreme position.

D)

experiences cognitive dissonance as a result of discrepancies between his or her position and the general position of the other group members.

68.

In analyzing the judgment of U.S. presidential advisory groups involved in political fiascoes, Irving Janis coined the term groupthink to

A)

brainstorming to avert a crisis.

B)

decision making in the interest of group cohesiveness and pleasing their leader.

C)

overt conflict between the ingroup and an outgroup they perceived as disloyal to their country.

D)

dissipation of a social force among similar group members.

69.

Research has shown that groups produce effective solutions to problems when:

A)

leaders strongly advocate a view that they believe in.

B)

the primary emphasis is on internal cohesion.

C)

members focus clearly on the problem to be solved.

D)

members refrain from arguing with one another.

70.

The foot-in-the-door technique of gaining compliance relies on the principle of:

A)

self-conscious emotion.

B)

cognitive dissonance.

C)

reciprocity.

D)

downward negotiation.

71.

An individual selling memberships in a book club hands potential buyers a laminated bookmark before beginning the sales pitch. This individual is trying to boost sales by taking advantage of the:

A)

principle of cognitive dissonance.

B)

four-walls technique.

C)

reciprocity norm.

D)

foot-in-the-door technique.

72.

Bernardo is asking people in his dorm to donate money to an environmental cause with which he is involved. Before asking for a donation, he does one of three things: he gives the person a bumper sticker, asks them to sign a petition, or does both. In which case would he be least successful in acquiring the donation?

A)

when he gives a bumper sticker

B)

when he asks them to sign a petition

C)

when he does both

D)

There is no basis on which to make a prediction from the information given.

73.

In one experiment, children were given a choice of candies, one that was placed nearby or one that was placed far away, beneath a wire screen. Overwhelmingly, the children chose the ______, which illustrates the power of ______ to influence our choices.

A)

candy nearby; psychological reactance

B)

candy nearby; cognitive dissonance

C)

candy under the screen; psychological reactance

D)

candy under the screen; cognitive dissonance

74.

In Stanley Milgram's famous study of obedience, most subjects:

A)

verbally agreed to shock the learner for each wrong answer but then refused to actually do so.

B)

gave shocks as ordered until the learner began to express distress.

C)

administered progressively more severe shocks as ordered but seemed deeply upset about doing so.

D)

administered progressively more severe shocks as ordered and expressed disdain and lack of compassion for the learner.

75.

Which of the following potential explanations of Milgram's obedience results has not been supported by research?

A)

the subjects' preexisting beliefs about authority and the value of science

B)

the experimenter's self-assurance and acceptance of responsibility

C)

the immediacy of the experimenter and the distance of the learner

D)

the fact that the experimenter's behavior evoked aggression in the subject

76.

Which of the following presents a challenge to the view that Milgram's studies of obedience can shed light on such real life events as the atrocities committed by the Nazis?

A)

The learner wasn't really being shocked but was instead a confederate of the experimenter.

B)

No effort was made to identify the political views of the participants.

C)

The subjects must have believed, at some level, that they could not really be causing harm to someone, because no sane experimenter would let that happen.

D)

These studies were not experimental studies, a necessity for making scientific comparisons with Nazi atrocities.

77.

An apparently rational course of action may lead to rewards for the individual who takes it but collective disaster if everyone in the group takes it. This situation is known as:

A)

groupthink.

B)

social interference.

C)

group reactance.

D)

a social dilemma.

78.

When Helen, Tom, and Mary each sing solo, they try their best to sing loud, expressively, and in perfect tune. However, when Helen, Tom, and Mary sing as a group, they do not try as hard, which lowers their overall performance. Helen, Tom, and Mary's behavior when singing as a group is an example of:

A)

group polarization.

B)

groupthink.

C)

social loafing.

D)

social interference.

79.

Players in repeated prisoner's dilemma games are ______ likely than those in a one-trial game to cooperate because ______.

A)

less; they grow more fearful of losing over time

B)

less; the takes are high

C)

more; they want to be seen as good people

D)

more; doing so maximizes the long-run payoff for both players

80.

Robert Axelrod held a round-robin computer tournament using a prisoner's dilemma game. Each computer program submitted a series of trials with every other program. The program that won used which of the following rules?

A)

always compete

B)

always cooperate

C)

cooperate on the first trial, and on all subsequent trials do whatever the other program did on the preceding trial

D)

cooperate on the first trial, and continue to cooperate as long as the other program has cooperated on at least 50 percent of the previous trials; otherwise compete

81.

College X is considering whether to put the English or the math department in a posh new building funded by an alumni billionaire. A group of English professors joke about the math faculty, saying that they are all alike--unsociable, unable to participate in a discussion of the arts, and boring. The English professors see themselves as friendly, literate, and witty. Their tendency to see members of the math department as different from themselves and very similar to one another in having such undesirable traits is an illustration of:

A)

within-group solidarity.

B)

hostile between-group interaction.

C)

social loafing.

D)

negative stereotyping of the other group.

82.

Imagine you are a kindergarten teacher who has discovered that your class has divided itself into two groups according to gender and that these groups harass each other and even physically fight with each other on the playground every day. Judging by the results of the Robbers Cave study, what is the best way to resolve the conflict?

A)

punish them whenever they fight

B)

explicitly forbid them to play with each other

C)

arrange voluntary peace meetings between the two groups

D)

give them a task with a goal they value but can attain only through cooperation

83.

Choose two of the self-conscious emotions discussed in the text and explain their value in social relations. Present research evidence to support your answer.

84.

Define social impact as Bibb Latane uses the term. What are three factors that can increase social impact, according to Latane's social impact theory?

85.

Describe two techniques for gaining compliance that derive from the principle of cognitive dissonance.

86.

Discuss the concept of impression management in terms of two metaphors: actor and politician. What personality trait involves individual differences in the tendency toward impression management? Explain.

87.

Define social facilitation and social interference. How did Robert Zajonc explain both in terms of a more general concept?

88.

Discuss the power of normative influences on behavior, giving specific examples from two areas of research in social psychology.

89.

Discuss Solomon Asch's research on conformity. When subjects conform, do they do so in order to be right or in order to be liked? Support your answer. How can the tendency to conform be reduced?

90.

Describe the phenomenon of group polarization and give an example. What causes group polarization?

91.

Describe the method and results of Milgram's obedience experiments. How did Milgram and other social psychologists explain his results?

92.

The Milgram obedience studies are often discussed in relation to real-life atrocities such as the Nazi Holocaust. To what extent do you think the experiments can shed light on such occurrences? Explain. To what extent is the analogy between the experimental situation and the real-life situation limited? Explain.

1.

C

2.

C

3.

D

4.

A

5.

D

6.

C

7.

D

8.

B

9.

A

10.

D

11.

C

12.

B

13.

B

14.

C

15.

C

16.

B

17.

A

18.

D

19.

C

20.

C

21.

D

22.

D

23.

B

24.

C

25.

A

26.

C

27.B

28.

D

29.

A

30.

C

31.

D

32.

C

33.

D

34.

D

35.

C

36.

D

37.

A

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

A

47.

D

48.

B

49.

D

50.

D

51.

A

52.

C

53.

B

54.

C

55.

B

56.

D

57.

C

58.

A

59.

B

60.

D

61.

D

62.

C

63.

B

64.

A

65.

D

66.

B

67.

B

68.

B

69.

C

70.

B

71.

C

72.

C

73.

C

74.

C

75.

D

76.

C

77.

D

78.

C

79.

D

80.

C

81.

D

82.

D

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.