_

1.

The central nervous system consists of the ______ and the ______.

A)

left cerebral hemisphere; right cerebral hemisphere

B)

brain; spinal cord

C)

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

D)

brain; peripheral nervous system

2.

The function of sensory neurons is to:

A)

organize and integrate information in the central nervous system.

B)

carry information to the central nervous system.

C)

transmit messages between motor neurons.

D)

transmit messages from motor neurons to interneurons.

3.

Grace was out on a crowded dance floor when the person dancing next to her accidentally kicked her in the leg. Which type of neuron carried the pain information from her leg to her central nervous system?

A)

motor neurons

B)

primary neurons

C)

sensory neurons

D)

interneurons

4.

The thin, tubelike branches that increase the surface area of the neuron to better receive signals from other neurons are called:

A)

axons.

B)

myelin sheaths.

C)

synapses.

D)

dendrites.

5.

Which part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters onto receiving cells?

A)

axon terminals

B)

dendrites

C)

nuclei

D)

action potentials

6.

When you smile, a ______ nerve stimulates facial muscles. When you prick your toe, the pain travels to the central nervous system by way of a ______ nerve.

A)

spinal; spinal

B)

cranial; cranial

C)

cranial; spinal

D)

spinal; cranial

7.

Which of the following statements in connection with the autonomic nervous system is false?

A)

A division of the autonomic nervous system promotes bodily arousal to prepare the body for "fight or flight."

B)

The autonomic system modifies rather than initiates activity in the muscles it acts upon.

C)

Most visceral muscles and glands receive two sets of neurons, which produce opposite effects.

D)

The heart will not beat and the muscle walls of the intestines and arteries will stop contracting if all the nerves to these organs are destroyed.

8.

Talita is anxious about skydiving for the first time. As she waits her turn to jump, her heart races, her pupils dilate and she has a surge of energy. Clearly, the _____ division of her autonomic nervous system is active.

A)

skeletal

B)

parasympathetic

C)

peripheral

D)

sympathetic

9.

How will a spinal cat respond if its paw is pricked with a pin?

A)

Its face and head will show signs of pain, but it will not withdraw its paw.

B)

It will reflexively withdraw its paw, but its face and head will not show signs of pain.

C)

It will reflexively withdraw its paw, and its face and head will show signs of pain.

D)

It will not exhibit any interpretable behavior.

10.

Which of the following would not be classified as a subcortical structure of the brain?

A)

the brainstem

B)

the cerebral cortex

C)

the amygdala

D)

the medulla

11.

Which of the following structures, located in the middle of the brain, is often described as being the relay station connecting various parts of the brain?

A)

the hypothalamus

B)

the thalamus

C)

the cerebellum

D)

the limbic system

12.

Parkinson's disease, characterized by involuntary muscle tremors and difficulty in starting and stopping deliberate movements, is due to deterioration of neurons running from the brainstem into the:

A)

basal ganglia.

B)

thalamus.

C)

frontal lobes.

D)

hypothalamus.

13.

The structure named for the border it forms between evolutionarily older parts of the brain and newer parts is the:

A)

cerebellum, which regulates rapid movements.

B)

cerebellum, which regulates slow movements.

C)

limbic system, which regulates perception.

D)

limbic system, which regulates basic drives and emotions.

14.

The brain structure that regulates the body's internal environment, in part through influences on the autonomic nervous system and hormones, is the:

A)

hippocampus.

B)

amygdala.

C)

medulla.

D)

hypothalamus.

15.

In the primary motor cortex, the neurons that control the hand are near the neurons that control the wrist rather than the neurons that control the knee. This is an example of the principle of:

A)

functional organization.

B)

hierarchical organization.

C)

topographic organization.

D)

proximal organization.

16.

The frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex are critical to:

A)

visual processing.

B)

auditory processing.

C)

the regulation of basic drives.

D)

planning.

17.

Neurons near one another in the visual cortex receive input from receptors near one another in the retina. This fact illustrates the principle of:

A)

functional organization.

B)

topographic organization.

C)

hierarchical organization.

D)

retino-cortical organization.

18.

In split-brain studies, when a picture of a common object was flashed to the ______, the patient typically would be unable to ______, but would be able to ______.

A)

left hemisphere; identify it verbally; identify it by touch with the left hand

B)

left hemisphere; describe it; name it

C)

right hemisphere; identify it verbally; identify it by touch with the left hand

D)

right hemisphere; identify it by touch; name it

19.

Speech that is superficially fluent, filled with articles, prepositions, and nonsense words, but deficient in content words is characteristic of:

A)

nonfluent aphasia.

B)

Wernicke's aphasics.

C)

Broca's aphasics.

D)

both b. and c.

20.

What does it mean to say that action potentials are "all-or-none"?

A)

The action potential will occur in all parts of the neuron simultaneously or will not occur anywhere in that neuron.

B)

Either all the neurons in a particular region will have an action potential or none will.

C)

Every action potential in a given neuron is the same strength and maintains that strength down the length of the axon.

D)

Either all negative ions outside the cell enter the neuron or none do.

21.

The rapid movement of sodium (Na+) ions into a neuron results in a shift in momentary reversal of the electrical charge across the cell membrane, which constitutes the _____ phase of the action potential.

A)

depolarization

B)

repolarization

C)

hyperpolarization

D)

resting potential

22.

In the resting potential, the inside of the cell is:

A)

negative relative to the outside.

B)

positive relative to the outside.

C)

electrically neutral relative to the outside.

D)

rapidly fluctuating between a positive and negative charge relative to the outside.

23.

Communication between neurons or between a neuron and a muscle cell takes place across:

A)

synapses.

B)

interneurons.

C)

nodes.

D)

axons.

24.

At an inhibitory fast synapse, the neurotransmitter opens ______ channels in the postsynaptic cell membrane, which act to ______ the rate of action potentials triggered in the postsynaptic cell.

A)

chloride or potassium; decrease

B)

chloride or potassium; increase

C)

sodium; decrease

D)

sodium; increase

25.

Eric Kandel's studies of the neural mechanisms of behavior in Aplysia suggest that:

A)

classical conditioning has a basis in neural mechanisms.

B)

the repeated activation of modulatory interneurons can lead to the growth of new synaptic connections.

C)

sensory neurons that have just fired respond more efficiently to neuromodulators than inactive sensory neurons do.

D)

all of the above.

26.

Drugs can alter synaptic transmission through all of the following mechanisms, except:

A)

causing the presynaptic neuron to release less neurotransmitter.

B)

acting on postsynaptic receptors to block the neurotransmitter.

C)

causing the presynaptic neuron to release a different neurotransmitter than it normally does.

D)

shortening the time that the neurotransmitter remains in the synaptic cleft.

27.

Fully explain the molecular basis for action potentials. Be sure to discuss the resting potential and the sodium-potassium pump as well as the action potential itself.

28.

Describe synaptic transmission. Compare fast and slow synapses.

29.

Describe the autonomic nervous system, including its divisions and functions.

30.

Name and explain two principles of cortical organization.

31.

Discuss two types of evidence that show learning experiences alter the brain.

32.

Describe three ways that drugs can affect synaptic transmission to produce effects on a person's mental state or behavior.

1.

B

2.

B

3.

C

4.

D

5.

A

6.

C

7.

D

8.

D

9.

B

10.

B

11.

B

12.

A

13.

D

14.

D

15.

C

16.

D

17.

B

18.

C

19.

B

20.

C

21.

A

22.

A

23.

A

24.

A

25.

D

26.

C

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.