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Typology of African Internal and External Migration
Source: Adapted from John Oucho and William Gould,
"Internal Migration, Urbanization, and Population Distribution in Karen
Foote, Kenneth Hill, and Linda Martin, eds., Demographic Change in Sub-Saharan
Africa (Washington, D.C., 1993).
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Direction
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Circulation
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Definitive Migration
|
|
Periodic
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Seasonal
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Long-Term
|
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Rural-rural
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Movement of dealers in produce and livestock
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Pastoral displacement due to environmental hazards
|
Labor migration to agriculture, wage sector, mining, and other
rural
|
Agriculture land colonization; resettlement and land consolidations;
spontaneous migrations from population pressure areas
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Rural-urban
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Movement of dealers in agricultural produce
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Movement of employment and underemployed persons
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Spontaneous migration to urban areas, especially slums, shantytowns,
and suburbs
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Urban-rural
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Movements of dealers in urban manufactured goods (e.g., soap, foods,
medicines)
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Return migration of urbanites during peak agricultural seasons
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"Repatriation" of unemployed persons; labor migration to rural
agro-industrial and mining areas
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Return migration of retired persons and unsuccessful urban migrants
(the latter are frequently rural-urban migrants again later)
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Urban-urban
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Movement of self-employed persons and female sex workers
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Movement of transferred workers; self-employed persons relocating
elsewhere
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Migration of second- or later- generation migrants to other urban
areas
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