Figures and Images

IMAGES	FIGURES
"Girls Say Yes To Boys Who Say No"	Prior Activism of Resisters
"Fuck the Draft"	Immigration Estimates from 1965-1974
*AMEX*	Identity
Diane Francis	Resisters who Stayed in Canada
"Laying themselves on the Line"	Landed Immigrant Status

This poster reflects the role draft-age American women could play in the anti-war movement. Highly objectified as sexual prizes for avoiding the draft, young women were always marginalized in their contributions to the anti-war movement (Kinney, 148).

http://lists.village.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Exhibits/Track16/fuck_draft.html

FLYING UP; FACING BACK AMEX: The American Expatriate in Canada (1969-1977); detail fromits Oct/Nov 1970 cover, Miss Liberty's thought: "Well, there goes Flight 620 to Toronto ... I wonder if there's work for a girl like me in Canada!" This magazine cover in itself is evidence of the gender specific experience for draft-age American women who migrated to Canada during the Vietnam War. From http://www.rbebout.com/me/leaving.htm

Diane Francis, interviewed by James Dickerson in North to Canada: Men and Women Against the Vietnam War (Dickerson).

This photograph is from a collection of pictures and photographs from the past three centuries (Ward, 378). The caption reads: Police move in to disperse a group of anti-war protestors near the Supreme Court Building in Washington, June, 1968. A pacifist gathering of 11 women had staged a burn-your-draft-card fete in response to a court decision upholding the illegality of the destruction or mutilation of draft cards. (The title "lay themselves on the line" was one I attributed to the photograph for purposes of coinciding with the discussion.)

Figure 1. Levels of prior civil rights and peace/antiwar activism among American war resisters in Canada and Freedom Summer participants and withdrawals Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, John Hagan page 113.

Civil Rights Activity

Peace/antiwar Activity

American War Resisters

Freedom Summer participants

Freedom Summer withdrawals

American War Resisters

Levels of prior activism	Male (n = 70)	Female (n = 30)	Total (n = 100)	Total (n = 270)	Total (n = 239)	Male (n = 70)	Female (n = 30)	Total (n = 100)
High Moderate Low None	18.6% 15.7% 8.6% 57.1%	43.3% 3.3% 16.7% 33.3%	26.0% 12.0% 11.0% 51.0%	20.0% 25.0% 31.0% 24.0%	10.0% 19.0% 37.0% 34.0%	37.1% 17.1% 7.1% 38.5%	46.7% 20% 16.7% 16.6%	40.0% 18.0% 10.0% 32.0%

**Figure 2. Estimated numbers of men and women aged 15-29 who immigrated from the United States to Canada to resist the Vietnam War, 1965-1974.** *Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, John Hagan* page 241
Year	Total Male Population	Male Resisters^a	Total Female Arrivals	Female Resisters^b
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974	1922 2447 3032 4076 4405 5510 4778 3980 4120 4255	656 1181 1766 2810 3139 4244 3512 2714 2854 2989	2592 3329 3750 4330 5112 5714 5477 5278 5356 5536	625 1362 1783 2363 3145 3747 3510 3310 3389 3569
Total, 1965-1972		20022		19846
Total, 1965-1974		25865		26804

a. Arriving number minus average annual migration of American men, 15-29, for preceding five years (1266).
b. Arriving number minus average annual migration of American women, 15-29, for preceding five years (1967).

Figure 3. Feelings of U.S. and Canadian identity among male and female draft and military resisters, on arrival and at contemporary interview (1 = identifying very little; 10 = identifying very strongly) Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, John Hagan page 195.

Identity	Female Resisters (Total)	Male Resisters (Total)	t-ratios	Male Draft Resisters	Male Military Resisters	t-ratios
American Identity Then Now t-ratios*	7.10 3.63 6.30	6.11 3.43 7.23	-1.75 0.71	5.96 3.07 6.70	6.67 4.73 2.76	-0.91 -2.31
Canadian Identity Then Now t-ratios*	2.67 8.03 -9.76	3.26 7.86 -13.11	1.08 -0.36	3.13 8.00 -12.38	3.73 7.33 -4.85	-8.50 1.02

*p<0.05

Figure 4. Estimated proportion of American-born men and women Vietnam war resisters who stayed in Canada, circa 1996. Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, John Hagan page 242.

Arriving Immigrants of American Origin

Arriving Resisters of U.S. birth^a

Remaining Resisters of U.S. birth (1996)^b

Proportion of U.S.-born Resisters who stayed (1996)

Year of Arrival	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Men	Women	Total
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972	3032 4076 4405 5510 4778 3980	3750 4330 5112 5714 5477 5278	1622 2510 2789 3729 3106 2428	1712 2204 2869 3381 3179 3010	1048 1408 1373 1698 1533 1508	878 1278 1643 1648 1698 2008	0.65 0.56 0.49 0.46 0.49 0.62	0.51 0.58 0.57 0.49 0.53 0.67	0.58 0.57 0.53 0.47 0.52 0.65

a. Respective preceding columns multiplied by estimated proportion of arrivals who are American born (0.85), minus estimated annual migration of American-born men (n=995) and women (n=1476), 1960-1963.
b. Number minus average annual number of American-born 1960-1963 arrivals, 15-29, who remained in 1996 (men=287, women=502).

Figure 5. Landed Immigrant Status in Canada Refugees from
Militarism: Draft-age Americans in Canada, page 291.

Draft Dodgers

Deserters

	No.	%	No.	%
Landed Status Not landed No response	50 10 3	82 16 2	29 28 5	47 45 8
Total	61	100	62	100

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