JavaScript Hidden Data Frame







HCl hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride
HI hydroiodic acid or hydrogen iodide
HBr hydrobromic acid or hydrogen bromide
HF hydrofluoric acid or hydrogen fluoride
H2S hydrosulfuric acid or hydrogen sulfide

NH3 ammonia
PH3 phosphine
H2O water 
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide 
BH3 borane
CH4 methane
SiH4 silane
GeH4 germane
SnH4 stannane

Cations

Only the more common cations are shown here. Memorize 
ammonium, and the rest are element names. We need the 
ROMAN NUMERALS only for the transition metals 
that appear in nature in more than one oxidation state.

The first two periodic groups (Li+ - Fr+  and  
Be 2+  -  Ra 2+) are not transition metals and 
do not take Roman numerals. The Roman numerals for 
Al 3+, Cd 2+, and Zn 2+ are also commonly dropped.

The endings "ous" and "ic" are used to show a 
lower (ous) and higher (ic) oxidation state for the
same metal.
//
NH4 1+ ammonium
Al 3+ aluminum
Ba 2+ barium
Cd 2+ cadmium
Ca 2+ calcium
Li 1+ lithium
Ce 3+ cerium(III)
Cr 2+ chromium(II) or chromous
Cr 3+ chromium(III) or chromic
Co 2+ cobalt(II) or cobaltous
Co 3+ cobalt(III) or cobaltic
Cu 1+ copper(I) or cuprous
Cu 2+ copper(II) or cupric
Au 1+ gold(I) or aurous
Au 3+ gold(III) or auric
Fe 2+ iron(II) or ferrous
Fe 3+ iron(III) or ferric
Pb 2+ lead(II) or plumbous
Mg 2+ magnesium
Mn 2+ manganese(II) or manganous
Mn 3+ manganese(III) or manganic
Hg2 2+ mercury(I) or mercurous
Hg 2+ mercury(II) or mercuric
Ni 2+ nickel(II) or nickelous
Ni 3+ nickel(III) or nickelic
K 1+ potassium
Ag 1+ silver(I) or argentous
Ag 2+ silver(II) or argentic
Na 1+ sodium
Sn 2+ tin(II) or stannous
Sn 4+ tin(IV) or stannic
Zn 2+ zinc

Anions

These are tricky and, bascially, many have to be memorized.
A few clues:

Except for OH-, CN-, and HS-, 
all "ides" are single elements.

Anions ending in "ite" or "ate" come in pairs 
with "ates" having more oxygens just like the acids:

fewer O:   X-ite   from   X-ous acid
  more O:   X-ate   from   X-ic  acid

"hypo-X-ite" indicates especially few O atoms,
as in "hypochlorite". (The prefix "hypo" means 
"under", as in "hypodermic"--under the skin.)

"per-X-ate" indicates especially many O atoms,
as in "perchorate" and "permanganate".

//
N 3- nitride
C2 2- carbide
O 2- oxide
S 2- sulfide
H - hydride
F - fluoride
Cl - chloride
Br - bromide
I - iodide

OH - hydroxide
CN - cyanide
HS - hydrogen sulfide

CO3 2- carbonate
HCO3 - hydrogen carbonate

NO2 - nitrite
NO3 - nitrate

PO3 3- phosphite
HPO3 2- hydrogen phosphite
H2PO3 - dihydrogen phosphite

PO4 3- phosphate
HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate
H2PO4 - dihydrogen phosphate

SO3 2- sulfite
HSO3 - hydrogen sulfite

SO4 2- sulfate
HSO4 - hydrogen sulfate

ClO - hypochlorite
ClO2 - chlorite
ClO3 - chlorate
ClO4 - perchlorate

C2H3O2 - acetate
O2 2- peroxide

SCN - thiocyanate
CrO4 2- chromate
Cr2O7 2- dichromate
MnO4 - permanganate

Weak acids

Many more can be found on tables
of weak acid dissociation constants (Ka).

By far the most important to memorize are
acetic, carbonic, and phosphoric acids
BURN them into your memory!!!

Note that HCN, HF, and H2S are only called by
their acid name when dissolved in water.

See related comments under "Anions by Formula".
//

HC2H3O2 acetic acid
H3BO3 boric acid
H2CO3 carbonic acid

HCN hydrocyanic acid or hydrogen cyanide
HF hydrofluoric acid or hydrogen fluoride
H2S hydrosulfuric acid or hydrogen sulfide

HNO2 nitrous acid
H3PO4 phosphoric acid
H2SO3 sulfurous acid



Strong Bases
A few others exist, but they are far less common.
//
LiOH lithium hydroxide
NaOH sodium hydroxide
KOH potassium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide




Weak Bases
A few more can be found on tables of 
weak base hydrolysis constants (Kb).
//
NH3 ammonia
C5H5N pyridine
CH3NH2 methylamine




Other Compounds
These are tricky and just have to be memorized.
//
BH3 borane (NOT boron trihydride)
AlH3 alane (NOT aluminum trihydride)

CH4 methane (NOT carbon tetrahydride)
SiH4 silane (NOT silicon tetrahydride)
GeH4 germane (NOT germanium tetrahydride)
SnH4 stannane (NOT tin tetrahydride)

NH3 ammonia (NOT nitrogen trihydride)
NH3 ammonia (NOT trihydrogen nitride)

PH3 phosphine (NOT phosphorus trihydride)
PH3 phosphine (NOT trihydrogen phosphide)

H2O water (NOT dihydrogen oxide)
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide (NOT dihydrogen dioxide)

H2S hydrogen sulfide (NOT dihydrogen sulfide)





Reactive Ions
A few anions are so basic that they cannot 
exist to any extent in water solution. The six that
are represented here are shown below:
</pre>
<table>
<tr><th>Ion            </th><th>Product of Reaction with Water</th></tr>
<tr><td>H<sup>–</sup>  </td><td>H<sub>2</sub> and OH<sup>–</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td>C<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup>  </td><td>HC<sub>2</sub>H and OH<sup>–</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td>N<sup>3–</sup>  </td><td>NH<sub>3</sub> and OH<sup>–</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td>O<sup>2–</sup>  </td><td>OH<sup>–</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td>P<sup>3–</sup>  </td><td>PH<sub>3</sub> and OH<sup>–</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td>As<sup>3–</sup>  </td><td>AsH<sub>3</sub> and OH<sup>–</sup></td></tr>
</table>
<pre>






Nonmetals (charges common AS IONS)
The nonmetals include:  
  
  H                 H  He
        B  C  N  O  F  Ne   <-- "first row"
           Si P  S  Cl Ar
              As Se Br Kr
                    I  Xe

Formal oxidation states include: 

 +1    +3 +4 -3 -2 -1  0  (most common)

          +2 +3 -1        (rarer)
             +5 +4        (rare and NOT first row!)
                +6        (rare and NOT first row!)

It isn't necessary to know more than the most common 
oxidation states at this stage.
//
H  1.008 hydrogen/hydride (+1,-1) 
He 4.003 helium (0)
B  10.81 boron (+3)
C  12.01 carbon/carbide (+2,+4,-1)
N  14.01 nitrogen/nitride (+3,-3)
O  16.00 oxide (-2)
F  19.00 fluoride (-1)
Ne 20.18 neon (0)
Si 28.09 silicon (+4)
P  30.97 phosphorus/phosphide (+3,+5,-3)
S  32.07 sulfur/sulfide (+4,+6,-2)
Cl 35.45 chloride (-1)
Ar 39.95 argon (0)
As 74.92 arsenic/arsenide (+3,+5,-3)
Se 78.96 selenide (-2)
Br 79.90 bromide (-1)
Kr 83.80 krypton (0)
Te 127.6 telluride (-2)
I  126.9 iodide (-1)
Xe 131.3 xenon (0)





Elements (charges are AS IONS)
Only selected elements are used for this quiz.
Average atomic mass is given after the symbol.
Common oxidation states are in parentheses.
//

H  1.008 hydrogen (+1,-1)
He 4.003 helium (0)
Li 6.941 lithium (+1)
Be 9.012 berylium (+2)
B  10.81 boron (+3)
C  12.01 carbon (+2,+4,-2) 
N  14.01 nitrogen (-3)
O  16.00 oxygen (-2)
F  19.00 fluorine (-1)
Ne 20.18 neon (0)
Na 22.99 sodium (+1)
Mg 24.31 magnesium (+2)
Al 26.98 aluminum (+3)
Si 28.09 silicon (+4)
P  30.97 phosphorus (+3,+5,-3)
S  32.07 sulfur (-2)
Cl 35.45 chlorine (-1)
Ar 39.95 argon (0)
K  39.10 potassium (+1)
Ca 40.08 calcium (+2)
Sc 44.96 scandium (+3)
Ti 47.88 titanium (+3,+4)
V  50.94 vanadium (+3)
Cr 52.00 chromium (+3,+6)
Mn 54.94 manganese (+2,+5)
Fe 55.85 iron (+2,+3)
Co 58.93 cobalt (+2,+3)
Ni 58.69 nickel (+2,+3)
Cu 63.55 copper (+1,+2)
Zn 65.38 zinc (+2)
Ga 69.72 gallium (+3)
Ge 72.59 germanium
As 74.92 arsenic (+3,+5)
Se 78.96 selenium (-2)
Br 79.90 bromine (-1)
Kr 83.80 krypton (0)
Rb 85.47
Sr 87.62
Y  88.91
Zr 91.22
Nb 92.91
Mo 95.94
Tc 98.00
Ru 101.1
Rh 102.9
Pd 106.4
Ag 107.9 silver (+1,+3)
Cd 112.4 cadmium (+2)
In 114.8
Sn 118.7 tin (+2,+4)
Sb 121.8
Te 127.6 tellurium (-2)
I  126.9 iodine (-1)
Xe 131.3
Cs 132.9
Ba 137.3
La 138.9
Ce 140.1
Pr 140.9
Nd 144.2
Pm 145.0
Sm 150.4
Eu 152.0
Gd 157.3
Tb 158.9
Dy 162.5
Ho 164.9
Er 167.3
Tm 168.9
Yb 173.0
Lu 175.0
Hf 178.5
Ta 180.9
W  183.9
Re 186.2
Os 190.2
Ir 192.2
Pt 195.1 platinum (+4)
Au 197.0 gold (+1,+3)
Hg 200.6 mercury (+1,+2)
Tl 204.4
Pb 207.2 lead (+2)
Bi 209.0
Po 209.0
At 210.0
Rn 222
Fr 223
Ra 226
Ac 227
Th 232
Pa 231
U  238
Np 237
Pu 244
Am 243
Cm 247
Bk 247
Cf 251
Es 252
Fm 257
Md 258
No 259
Lr 260
Db 261
Jl 262
Rf 263
Bh 262
Hn 265
Mt 268