HCl hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride HI hydroiodic acid or hydrogen iodide HBr hydrobromic acid or hydrogen bromide HF hydrofluoric acid or hydrogen fluoride H2S hydrosulfuric acid or hydrogen sulfide NH3 ammonia PH3 phosphine H2O water H2O2 hydrogen peroxide BH3 borane CH4 methane SiH4 silane GeH4 germane SnH4 stannane
Many more can be found on tables of weak acid dissociation constants (Ka). By far the most important to memorize are acetic, carbonic, and phosphoric acids BURN them into your memory!!! Note that HCN, HF, and H2S are only called by their acid name when dissolved in water. See related comments under "Anions by Formula". // HC2H3O2 acetic acid H3BO3 boric acid H2CO3 carbonic acid HCN hydrocyanic acid or hydrogen cyanide HF hydrofluoric acid or hydrogen fluoride H2S hydrosulfuric acid or hydrogen sulfide HNO2 nitrous acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid
A few others exist, but they are far less common. // LiOH lithium hydroxide NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
A few more can be found on tables of weak base hydrolysis constants (Kb). // NH3 ammonia C5H5N pyridine CH3NH2 methylamine
These are tricky and just have to be memorized. // BH3 borane (NOT boron trihydride) AlH3 alane (NOT aluminum trihydride) CH4 methane (NOT carbon tetrahydride) SiH4 silane (NOT silicon tetrahydride) GeH4 germane (NOT germanium tetrahydride) SnH4 stannane (NOT tin tetrahydride) NH3 ammonia (NOT nitrogen trihydride) NH3 ammonia (NOT trihydrogen nitride) PH3 phosphine (NOT phosphorus trihydride) PH3 phosphine (NOT trihydrogen phosphide) H2O water (NOT dihydrogen oxide) H2O2 hydrogen peroxide (NOT dihydrogen dioxide) H2S hydrogen sulfide (NOT dihydrogen sulfide)
A few anions are so basic that they cannot exist to any extent in water solution. The six that are represented here are shown below:
The nonmetals include: H H He B C N O F Ne <-- "first row" Si P S Cl Ar As Se Br Kr I Xe Formal oxidation states include: +1 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 0 (most common) +2 +3 -1 (rarer) +5 +4 (rare and NOT first row!) +6 (rare and NOT first row!) It isn't necessary to know more than the most common oxidation states at this stage. // H 1.008 hydrogen/hydride (+1,-1) He 4.003 helium (0) B 10.81 boron (+3) C 12.01 carbon/carbide (+2,+4,-1) N 14.01 nitrogen/nitride (+3,-3) O 16.00 oxide (-2) F 19.00 fluoride (-1) Ne 20.18 neon (0) Si 28.09 silicon (+4) P 30.97 phosphorus/phosphide (+3,+5,-3) S 32.07 sulfur/sulfide (+4,+6,-2) Cl 35.45 chloride (-1) Ar 39.95 argon (0) As 74.92 arsenic/arsenide (+3,+5,-3) Se 78.96 selenide (-2) Br 79.90 bromide (-1) Kr 83.80 krypton (0) Te 127.6 telluride (-2) I 126.9 iodide (-1) Xe 131.3 xenon (0)
Only selected elements are used for this quiz. Average atomic mass is given after the symbol. Common oxidation states are in parentheses. // H 1.008 hydrogen (+1,-1) He 4.003 helium (0) Li 6.941 lithium (+1) Be 9.012 berylium (+2) B 10.81 boron (+3) C 12.01 carbon (+2,+4,-2) N 14.01 nitrogen (-3) O 16.00 oxygen (-2) F 19.00 fluorine (-1) Ne 20.18 neon (0) Na 22.99 sodium (+1) Mg 24.31 magnesium (+2) Al 26.98 aluminum (+3) Si 28.09 silicon (+4) P 30.97 phosphorus (+3,+5,-3) S 32.07 sulfur (-2) Cl 35.45 chlorine (-1) Ar 39.95 argon (0) K 39.10 potassium (+1) Ca 40.08 calcium (+2) Sc 44.96 scandium (+3) Ti 47.88 titanium (+3,+4) V 50.94 vanadium (+3) Cr 52.00 chromium (+3,+6) Mn 54.94 manganese (+2,+5) Fe 55.85 iron (+2,+3) Co 58.93 cobalt (+2,+3) Ni 58.69 nickel (+2,+3) Cu 63.55 copper (+1,+2) Zn 65.38 zinc (+2) Ga 69.72 gallium (+3) Ge 72.59 germanium As 74.92 arsenic (+3,+5) Se 78.96 selenium (-2) Br 79.90 bromine (-1) Kr 83.80 krypton (0) Rb 85.47 Sr 87.62 Y 88.91 Zr 91.22 Nb 92.91 Mo 95.94 Tc 98.00 Ru 101.1 Rh 102.9 Pd 106.4 Ag 107.9 silver (+1,+3) Cd 112.4 cadmium (+2) In 114.8 Sn 118.7 tin (+2,+4) Sb 121.8 Te 127.6 tellurium (-2) I 126.9 iodine (-1) Xe 131.3 Cs 132.9 Ba 137.3 La 138.9 Ce 140.1 Pr 140.9 Nd 144.2 Pm 145.0 Sm 150.4 Eu 152.0 Gd 157.3 Tb 158.9 Dy 162.5 Ho 164.9 Er 167.3 Tm 168.9 Yb 173.0 Lu 175.0 Hf 178.5 Ta 180.9 W 183.9 Re 186.2 Os 190.2 Ir 192.2 Pt 195.1 platinum (+4) Au 197.0 gold (+1,+3) Hg 200.6 mercury (+1,+2) Tl 204.4 Pb 207.2 lead (+2) Bi 209.0 Po 209.0 At 210.0 Rn 222 Fr 223 Ra 226 Ac 227 Th 232 Pa 231 U 238 Np 237 Pu 244 Am 243 Cm 247 Bk 247 Cf 251 Es 252 Fm 257 Md 258 No 259 Lr 260 Db 261 Jl 262 Rf 263 Bh 262 Hn 265 Mt 268